The Abaluhya culture and traditions
Introduction
The Luhya, Luyia, or Abaluhya, as they are interchangeably called, are the second-largest ethnic group in Kenya, after the Kikuyu. The Luhya belong to the larger linguistic stock known as the Bantu. The Luhya comprise several subgroups with different but mutually understood linguistic dialects. Some of these subgroups are Ababukusu, Abanyala, Abatachoni, Avalogoli, Abamarama, Abaidakho, Abaisukha, Abatiriki, Abakisa, Abamarachi, and Abasamia.
Migration to their present western Kenya location
dates back to as early as the second half of the fifteenth century.
Immigrants into present-day Luhya land came mainly from eastern and
western Uganda and trace their ancestry mainly to several Bantu groups,
and to other non-Bantu groups such as the Kalenjin, Luo, and Maasai.
Early migration was probably motivated by a search for more and better
land, and to escape local conflicts, tsetse flies, and mosquitoes. By
about 1850, migration into Luhya land was largely complete, and only
minor internal movements took place after that due to food shortages,
disease, and domestic conflicts. Despite their diverse ethnic ancestry,
the Luhya have a history of intermarriage, local trade, and shared
social and cultural practices. Variations in dialects and customs
reflect their diverse ancestry.
Colonization of Kenya by the British from the
1890s to 1963 forced many communities, including the Luhya, into
migrant labor on settler plantations and in urban centers. Because of
their large population, the Luhya are considered a powerful political
force and have always been active in politics in Kenya.
Location
The Luhya people make their home mainly in the western part of Kenya. Administratively, they occupy mostly Western province, and the west-central part of Rift Valley province. Luhya migration into the Rift Valley is relatively recent, only dating back to the first few years after independence in 1963, when farms formerly occupied by colonial white settlers were bought by, or given back to, indigenous (native) Africans.
According to the last national population census conducted in 1989, the Luhya people number just over 3 million, making up over 10 percent of Kenya's total population. The Luhya are the second-largest ethnic group in Kenya, after the Kikuyu. Although most Luhya live in western Kenya, especially in the rural areas, an increasingly large number of Luhya have migrated to major urban centers such as Nairobi in search of employment and educational opportunities. About 900,000 Luhya people live outside of Western province. This is about 30 percent of the total Luhya population.
Language
There is no single Luhya language. Rather, there are several mutually understood dialects that are principally Bantu. Perhaps the most identifying linguistic feature of the various Luhya dialects is the use of the prefix aba- or ava-, meaning "of" or "belonging to." Thus, for example, Abalogoli or Avalogoli means "people of logoli ."
Luhya names have specific meanings. Children are
named after climatic seasons, and also after their ancestors, often
their deceased grandparents or great-grandparents. Among the Ababukusu,
the name Wafula (for a boy) and Nafula (for a girl) would mean "born
during heavy rains," while Wekesa (for a boy) and Nekesa (for a girl)
would mean "born in the harvest season." With European contact and the
introduction of Christianity at the turn of the twentieth century,
Christian and Western European names began to be given as first names,
followed by traditional Luhya names. Thus, for example, a boy might be
named Joseph Wafula, and a girl, Grace Nekesa.
Folklore
One of the most common myths among the Luhya group relates to the origin of the Earth and human beings. According to this myth, Were (God) first created Heaven, then Earth. The Earth created by Were had three types of soil: top soil, which was black; intermediate soil, which was red; and bottom soil, which was white. From the black soil, Were created a black man; from the red soil, he created a brown man; and from the white soil, he created a white man.
Religion
The Luhya people traditionally believed in and worshiped only one god, Were (also known as Nyasaye ). Were was worshiped through intermediaries (go-betweens), usually the spirits of dead relatives. The spirits had considerable benevolent (positive) as well as malevolent (destructive) power and thus had to be appeased through animal sacrifices, such as goats, chickens, and cattle.
At the turn of the twentieth century, Christianity
was introduced to Luhya land and to the rest of Kenya. Christianity
spread widely during the colonial period. The overwhelming majority of
Luhya people now consider themselves Christians. Both Catholicism and
Protestantism are practiced. Among the Abawanga, Islam is also
practiced.
Despite conversion to Christianity, belief in
spirits and witchcraft is still common. It is not unusual to find
people offering prayers in church and at the same time consulting witch
doctors or medicine men for assistance with problems.
Major Holidays
There are no holidays that are uniquely Luhya. Rather, the Luhya people celebrate the national holidays of Kenya along with the rest of the nation. Among the Abalogoli and Abanyole, an annual cultural festival has recently been initiated, but it is not yet widely adopted. The festival is held on December 31.
Rites of Passage
Having many children is considered a virtue, and childlessness is seen as a great misfortune. Many births take place in the home, but increasingly women are urged to give birth in hospitals or other health facilities. The placenta (engori) and the umbilical cord (olulera) are buried behind the hut at a secret spot so they will not be found and tampered with by a witch (omulogi). For births that take place in hospitals or other places outside of home, these rituals are not observed.
Until about fifteen years ago, elaborate
initiation ceremonies to mark the transition from childhood to
adulthood were performed for both boys and girls. Among other things,
these rites included circumcision for boys. Uncircumcised boys
(avasinde) were not allowed to marry or join in many other adult
activities. Nowadays circumcision still takes place, but the ceremonies
are still elaborate and public only among the Ababukusu and Abatiriki
peoples.
Death and funeral rites involve not only the
bereaved family, but also other relatives and the community. While it
is known that many deaths occur through illnesses like malaria and
tuberculosis, as well as road accidents, quite a few deaths are still
believed to occur from witchcraft. Burial often takes place in the
homestead of the deceased. Among the Luhya, funerals and burials are
public and open events. Animals are slaughtered, and food and drinks
are brought to feed the mourners. Because many people today are
Christians, burial ceremonies often involve prayers in church and at
the dead person's home, even when traditional rituals are also
practiced. Music and dance, both traditional Luhya and Western-style,
take place, mostly at night.
Relationships
Greetings among the Luhya salute a person, and also involve inquiries about their well-being and that of their families. People take a keen interest in one another's affairs. Shaking hands is a very common form of greeting, and for people who are meeting for the first time in a long while, the handshake will involve not just the clasping of hands, but also a vigorous jerking of the arm. Shaking hands between a man and his mother-in-law is not allowed among some Luhya communities. Hugging is not common. Women may hug each other, but cross gender hugging is rare.
Women are expected to defer to men, especially to
their husbands, fathers-in-law, and the older brothers of their
husband. Thus, in a conversation with any of these men, women will tend
(or are expected) to lower their heads, fold their hands, and look
down.
Visits are very common among the Luhya people.
Most visits are casual and unannounced. Families strive to provide food
for their visitors, especially tea.
Dating among the Luhya is informal and is often
not publicly displayed, especially among teenagers. Unless a marriage
is seriously intended and planned, a man or a woman may not formally
invite their date to their parents' home and introduce him or her.
Living Conditions
Major health concerns among the Luhya include the prevalence of diseases such as scabies, diarrhea, malaria, malnutrition, and, lately, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
In rural areas, the Luhya live in homesteads with
extended families. Houses are mostly made of grass-thatched roofs and
mud walls, but an increasing number are made with corrugated iron
roofs, and in some cases, walls made of concrete blocks. Houses tend to
be round or square. Because of the poverty in rural areas, people own
very few material goods, and items such as transistor radios and
bicycles are highly valued. Cars and televisions are lacking for the
most part among the Luhya.
People rely on public transportation (buses and
vans), but travel on foot and on bicycles is also very common. Roads in
the rural hinterland are not paved and tend to be impassable during
heavy rains.
Family Life
In the rural areas among the Luhya, people live in homesteads or compounds, with each homestead comprising several houses. In one homestead may live an old man (the patriarch, or family head), his married sons and their wives and children, his unmarried sons and daughters, and sometimes other relatives. Even though each household may run its own affairs, there is a lot of obligatory sharing within the homestead. Families tend to be large, with the average number of children per woman reaching eight.
Women are expected to yield to the wishes of men.
Acts of defiance or insubordination by women toward their husbands,
fathers-in-law, or other senior male relatives can result in beatings
from male relatives, especially one's husband.
Marriage partners must be chosen from outside
one's parents' clans or lineages. Polygyny (a man marrying more than
one wife) is not widely practiced these days among the Luhya, but it is
still fairly common among the Ababukusu subgroup. Traditionally, a
request for marriage is made between the parents of the man and the
woman. If the marriage is agreed upon, bride wealth of cattle and cash,
called uvukwi among the Avalogoli subgroup, is paid. Nowadays, however,
young people increasingly get married on their own with little input
from their parents. Civil and church (Christian) marriages are also
becoming common. Bride wealth is still being paid, but amounts differ
widely and payment schedules are not strictly honored.
The Luhya keep dogs for security, and cats are kept to manage the mouse population.
Clothing
Ordinarily, the Luhya dress just like their fellow Kenyans, wearing locally manufactured and imported dresses, pants, shirts, shoes, and so forth. Elementary and high school students wear uniforms to school. Women almost never wear pants. Those who dare to do so are considered abnormal and may even be verbally assaulted by men. It is particularly inappropriate for a married woman to wear pants or a short skirt or dress in the presence of her father-in-law. Earrings, necklaces, and bangle bracelets are commonly worn by women. Men generally do not wear earrings.
Traditional clothing is worn mostly during
specific occasions and only by certain people. In cultural dances,
performers may put on feathered hats and skirts made of sisal strands.
For the Luhya groups that still maintain the traditional circumcision
rites (especially the Ababukusu), the initiates will often put on
clothing made of skins and paint themselves with red ochre (a pigment)
or ash.
Food
Breakfast among the Luhya consists mainly of tea. The preferred tea is made with plenty of milk and sugar. For those who can afford it, wheat bread bought from the stores is eaten with tea. Tea and bread, however, are too expensive for many families to eat on a regular basis; consequently, porridge made of maize (corn), millet, or finger millet flour is consumed instead. Lunch and supper often consist of ovukima —maize flour added to boiling water and cooked into a thick paste similar to American grits. Ovukima is eaten with various vegetables such as kale and collard greens, and for those who can afford it, beef or chicken. Chicken is a delicacy and is prepared for important guests or for special occasions.
The main cooking utensils are pots made of steel
or other metals. They are mass-manufactured in the country as well as
imported. Clay pots are also still used by many families for preparing
and storing traditional beer, and also for cooking traditional
vegetables. Plates and cups are made of either metal, plastic, or
china, and are bought from stores, as are spoons, knives, and forks.
Education
The literacy rate (percentage of the population able to read and write) among the Luhya is close to that of the country as a whole. The literacy level for the total population of Western province (where the majority of Luhya live) is 67 percent. This is slightly lower than the national average of 69 percent. Literacy among women is slightly lower than among men. Typically, most people (about 75 percent of the population) drop out of school after primary school education, which (since the mid-1980s) lasts eight years. The main reasons for high drop-out rates are the difficult qualifying examinations to enter high school and expensive school fees.
Parents spend a large portion of their income on
their children's education in boarding, uniforms, school supplies,
transportation to and from school, and pocket money. Often the family
will deny itself many of life's necessities and comforts, such as
improved housing, food, and clothing, in order to put children through
school. Consequently, students are expected to finish school and help
with the education of younger siblings, as well as to care for their
parents in old age. Because very few students are able to attend a
university, parents and the community are very proud of those who
manage to attain this level of education.
Cultural Heritage
Music and dance are an important part of the life of the Luhya. Children sing songs and dance for play and (especially boys) when herding livestock. Occasions such as weddings, funerals, and circumcision ceremonies all call for singing and dancing. Musical instruments include drums, jingles, flutes, and accordions. The Luhya are nationally renowned for their energetic and vibrant isukuti dance, a celebratory performance involving rapid squatting and rising accompanied by thunderous, rhythmic drumbeats.
Employment
The majority of Luhya families are farmers. Because of the high population density (about 2,450 people per square mile, or 900 people per square kilometer) in Luhya land, most families own only very small pieces of land of less than 1 acre (0.4 hectares), which are very intensively cultivated. Crops include various vegetables such as kale, collard greens, carrots, maize (corn), beans, potatoes, bananas, and cassava. Beverage crops such as tea, coffee, and sugarcane are grown in some parts of Luhyaland. Livestock, especially cattle and sheep, are also kept. Tending the farm is often a family affair. Because the family farm rarely yields enough food to feed a family and pay for school fees and supplies, clothing, and medical care, family members often seek employment in urban centers and send money back to their rural homes. Women do most of the domestic chores, such as fetching firewood, cooking, taking care of children, and also the farm work.
Sports
Numerous games and sports are played by Luhya children. Jumping rope is very popular among girls. The jumping is counted and sometimes accompanied by rhythmic songs. Hide-and-seek games are common among both boys and girls. Soccer is the most popular game among boys. Any open ground can serve as a playing field.
Adult sports include soccer for men, and to a
lesser extent, netball for women. Netball is somewhat like basketball,
only the ball is not dribbled. School-based sports also include
track-and-field events. The most popular spectator sport is soccer, and
some of the best soccer players in Kenya are Luhya.
Recreation
Battery-operated radios and cassette players provide musical entertainment for many people. Local bars and shops also have radios, cassette players, juke boxes, and other music systems. Men often gather in these places to drink, play games, and listen and dance to music. Music is mainly of local, Swahili, and Lingala (Congolese) origin, but Western European and American music are also common.
An Isikuti Dance which is part of their recreation and bull fighting
Crafts and Hobbies
Pottery and basket-weaving are quite common among the Luhya, especially in the rural areas. Baskets are made from the leaves of date palms (called kamakhendu among the Ababukusu) that grow on river banks. Increasingly, sisal is used. Body ornaments such as bangle bracelets, necklaces, and earrings are mass-produced commercially in Kenya or are imported, and are not in any way uniquely Luhya in form.
Social Problems
Violations of human rights and civil liberties that the Kenya government has been accused of generally apply to most ethnic groups. Problems of alcoholism exist among the Luhya. However, the problems of greatest concern are the high population density and high rate of population growth. Health problems arising from endemic (native) diseases are also of concern.
Traditionally, the Maasai diet consisted of meat,
milk, and blood from cattle. However, the inclusion of blood in the
traditional diet is waning due to the reduction of livestock numbers.
More recently, the Maasai have grown dependent on food produced in
other areas such as maize meal, rice, potatoes, cabbage (known to the
Maasai as goat leaves), etc. The Maasai who live near crop farmers have
engaged in cultivation as their primary mode of subsistence. In these
areas, plot sizes are generally not large enough to accommodate herds
of animals; thus the Maasai are forced to farm. 
